Tracking Digestion free essay sample

As a part of my breakfast on Day 1, I ate a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. The creamy peanut butter provided both protein and fat for my diet while the multigrain bread provided me with carbohydrates. As I take a bite of the peanut butter and jelly sandwich I crush all three of the macronutrients with my teeth. The role of saliva helps moistens the food while a digestive enzyme in the saliva called salivary amylase (ptyalin) helps breaks down the complex carbohydrates mostly contained in the bread into simple sugars. Once the food has been sufficiently chewed, the tongue rolls it into a ball known as a bolus and pushes it into the pharynx. In a combination of voluntary and automatic movements, swallowing propels the food downwards into the upper esophagus using a peristaltic contraction. The epiglottis blocks the trachea (windpope) to prevent food particles from entering the trachea and interfering with respiration. We will write a custom essay sample on Tracking Digestion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The esophagus is then able to move the bolus downwards. At the bottom of the esophagus there is the cardiac sphincter which then opens to food can enter the stomach. The sphincter then recloses to prevent regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus. The bolus of food stimulates the secretion of gastrin by the cells of the stomach wall. The gastrin cells secrete gastrin which stimulates HCl production in the parietal cells of the gastric glands, gastrin also stimulates muscular contractions fo the stomach to further churn the food and produce an acidic, semi-fluid, partially digested of my peanut butter and jelly sandwich called chyme. Mucous cells in the stomach secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from acidic pH of the stomach (pH 2). The chief cells secrete pepsinogen, the precursor to pepsin. The parietal cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria in the stomach and helps break down intercellular links in food tissues and aids in the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin; they also secerete intrinsic factor which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. Between the stomach and the small intestine is the pyloric sphincter which controls the rate of movement of food from the stomach into the small intestive through alternaticing contractions and relaxations. The small intestive is responsible for a large part of digestion and absorption. The small intestine is broken down into three regioins which are respobsible both digestion and absorption. Most digestion occurs in the duodenum while the jejunum and ileum have a greater role in the absorptive function of the small intestine. Since peanut butter, contains a pretty high fat content, the duodenum releases the hormone enterogastrone, which inhibits stomach perilstalsis, thus slowing down the release of chime into the small intestine. Chyme is mixed with additional diguestive juices including bile from the liver and pangreatic juice and amylase from the pancreas, as well as other intestinal enzymes such as maltase, lactase, and sucrose to break down the chime and assist in nutrient absorption. Absorbed nutrients flow in the blood stream to the liver where they are further metabolized and then either stroed or sent to cells in other parts of the body. Bile breaks down fat particles into smaller droplets, while pancreatic juice contains enzymes that convert fats into fatty acids and glycerol, plus sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid. The chyme then moves into the second part of the small intestine called the jejunum wehre chemical breakdown is completed. Pancreatic enzymes, along with enzymes produced in the jejunum wall, finalse the food digestion process. The ileum is the final section of the small intestine, linked to the large intestine by the ileocecal valve. The main function of the ileum is to absorb nutrients. Bile is also absorbed here and retunrs to the liver through blood vessels in the intestinal walls. The unabsorbed watery remains of the food chyme now pass into the large intestine for water-removal and final processing, before being expelled from the body. After all nutrients have been absorbed from ingested food during its passage through the small intestine, the watery waste passes into the large intestine. It is the final section of the gastrointestinal tract and its main function is to remove water (plus any remaining minerals) from the food waste and compress it into a form for easy expulsion from the body. As the chyme passes through the large intestine, the water is removed and the chyme is combined with mucus and bacteria (gut flora), and is converted into feces. Feces are stored in the recume until they pass through the two sphincters that regulate elimination and are expelled through the anus.

European Beleif Towards Native Americans essays

European Beleif Towards Native Americans essays The belief of many Europeans towards the Native Americans was incorrect because the Native Americans were smart people. They were good hunters and had kills of many kinds of animals. They were good/excellent builders of there time and were organized. Some tribes like the Olmecs made accurate calendars. And were very good at mathematics. The Native Americans had highly developed agricultural system, had unique hieroglyphic writing, irrigations stone drain systems. Rubber ball games and made fine pottery and carved jade jewelry (mostly Olmecs). The Native American Cultures had high spiritual meaning to plants and animals. Some cultures were master architects and engineers and built/controlled a huge empire. They built complex cliff dwellings and some cultures could survive a drought. They were excellent traders and some of there trading items were wood, pottery, clothes, baskets, and turquoise. Many cultures built mounds to buried there leaders with all their wealth, and many some cultures built towns on river flood plains for excellent farming and trade. They spoke many different languages and had many different societies. Celebrated there spiritual connections through stories, dances, art, prayers, and songs. They were aggress ive fearless warriors (mostly Aztecs). Cultures started to get more developed at about 2000 B.C.E period; they started raising crops including the three sisters, and started building canals and dams for irrigation. And the people of the north, Eskimos, survived the cold weather with no farming, and no sun for weeks. They had to survived on wild life; polar bear, caribou, sea mammals. And almost all the Native American Cultures based there technology on wood. The Indians had many festivals and the Algonquin culture lived in wigwams and the Iroquois lived in the long house. The league of Iroquois was based on the great law of peace, democratic government, and women and childrens rights were included in the...

About the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court

About the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court The FISA court is a highly secretive panel of 11 federal judges whose primary responsibility is to decide whether the U.S. government has enough evidence against foreign powers or individuals believed to be foreign agents to allow for their surveillance by the intelligence community. FISA is an acronym for the  Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. The court is also referred to as the  Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, or FISC. The federal government cannot use the FISA court to  intentionally target any U.S. citizen, or any other U.S. person, or to intentionally target any person known to be in the United States, though the  National Security Agency has acknowledged  it inadvertently collects information on some Americans without a warrant in the name of national security. FISA, in other words, is not a tool for combating domestic terrorism but it has been used in the post-September 11th era to gather data on Americans. The FISA court adjourns in a bunker-like complex operated by the U.S. District Court on Constitution Avenue, near the  White House and Capitol. The courtroom is said to be  soundproof to prevent eavesdropping and the judges do not speak publicly about the cases because of the sensitive nature of national security. In addition to the FISA court, there is a second secret judicial panel called the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review  whose responsibility to oversee and review the decisions made by the FISA court. The Court of Review, like the FISA court, is seated in Washington, D.C. But it is made up of only three judges from the federal district court or appeals court. Functions of the FISA Court   The FISA court’s role is to rule on applications and evidence submitted by the federal government and to grant or deny warrants for  Ã¢â‚¬Å"electronic surveillance, physical search, and other investigative actions for foreign intelligence purposes.† The court is the only one in the land that has the authority to allow federal agents to conduct â€Å"electronic surveillance of a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power for the purpose of obtaining foreign intelligence information,† according to the Federal Judicial Center. The FISA court requires the federal government to provide substantial evidence before it grants surveillance warrants, but the judges rarely ever turn down applications. If the FISA court grants an application for government surveillance, it also limits the scope of the intelligence gathering to a specific location, telephone line or email account, according to published reports.   FISA has since its enactment been a bold and productive tool in this country’s fight against the efforts of foreign governments and their agents to engage in intelligence-gathering aimed at the U.S. government, either to ascertain its future policy or to effect its current policy, to acquire proprietary information not publicly available, or to engage in disinformation efforts, wrote James G. McAdams III, a former Justice Department official and senior legal instructor with the Department of Homeland Securitys  Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers. Origins of the FISA Court The FISA court was established in 1978 when Congress enacted the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. President Jimmy Carter signed the act on Oct. 25, 1978. It was originally intended to allow for electronic surveillance but has seen been expanded to include physical searches and other data-collection techniques. FISA was signed into law amid  the Cold War and a period of deep skepticism of the president after the Watergate scandal and disclosures that the federal government used electronic surveillance and physical searches of citizens, a member of Congress, congressional staffers, anti-war protesters and civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. without warrants. The act helps to solidify the relationship of trust between the American people and their government, Carter said in signing the bill into law. It provides a basis for the trust of the American people in the fact that the activities of their intelligence agencies are both effective and lawful. It provides enough secrecy to ensure that intelligence relating to national security can be securely acquired, while permitting review by the courts and Congress to  safeguard the rights of Americans and others. Expansion of FISA Powers The  Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act has been expanded beyond its original scope several times since Carter placed his signature on the law in 1978. In 1994, for example, the act was amended to allow the court to grant warrants for the use of  pen registers, trap and trace devices and business records. Many of the most substantive expansions were put in place after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. At the time, Americans indicated a willingness to trade some measures of freedom in the name of national security. Those expansions include: The passage of the USA Patriot Act in October 2001. The acronym stands for  Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. The Patriot Act broadened the scope of the governments use of surveillance and allowed the intelligence community to act more quickly in wiretapping. Critics including the American Civil Liberties Union, however, pointed out the allowed the government to obtain the personal records of ordinary Americans from libraries and Internet Service Providers even without probable cause.The passage of the  Protect America Act on August 5, 2007. The law allowed the National Security Agency to conduct surveillance without a warrant or approval from the FISA court on American soil if the target was believed to be a foreign agent. In effect, wrote the ACLU, the government may now scoop up all communications coming into or out of the United States, as long as it is targeting no one American in particular and the program is â€Å"directed at† the foreign end of the communication.  Whether the target or not, American phone calls, emails and internet use will be recorded by our government, and without any suspicion of wrongdoing.   The passage of the FISA Amendments Act in 2008, which granted the government the authority to access communication data from Facebook, Google, Microsoft and Yahoo. Like to Protect America Act of 2007, the FISA Amendments Act targeted non-citizens outside of the United States but concerned privacy advocates because of the likelihood average citizens were being watched without their knowledge or a warrant from the FISA court. Members of the FISA Court Eleven federal judges are assigned to the FISA court. They are appointed by the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court and serve seven-year terms, which are nonrenewable and staggered to ensure continuity. FISA Court judges are not subject to confirmation hearings such as those required for Supreme Court nominees. The statute that authorized the creation of the FISA court mandates the judges represent at least seven of the U.S. judicial circuits and that three of judges live within 20 miles of Washington, D.C., where the court sits. The judges adjourn for one week at a time on a rotating basis The current FISA Court judges are: Rosemary M. Collyer: She is the presiding judge on the FISA court and has been a U.S. District Court judge for the District of Columbia since being nominated to the federal bench by President George W. Bush in 2002. Her term on the FISA court began May 19, 2009, and expires March 7, 2020.James E. Boasberg: He has been a U.S. District Court judge for the District of Columbia since being nominated to the federal bench by President Barack Obama in 2011. His term on the FISA court began May 19, 2014, and expires March 18, 2021.Rudolph Contreras: He has been a U.S. District Court judge for the District of Columbia since being nominated to the federal bench by Obama in 2011. His term on the FISA court began May 19, 2016, and expires May 18, 2023.Anne C. Conway: She has been a U.S. District Court judge for the Middle District of Florida since being nominated to the federal bench by President George H.W. Bush in 1991. Her term on the FISA court began May 19, 2016, and expires May 18, 2023.Ra ymond J. Dearie: He has been a U.S. District Court judge for the Eastern District of New York since being nominated to the federal bench by President Ronald Reagan in 1986. His term on the FISA court began July 2, 2012, and ends July 1, 2019. Claire V. Eagan: She has been a U.S. District Court judge for the Northern District of Oklahoma since being nominated to the federal bench by President George W. Bush in 2001. Her term on the FISA court began Feb. 13, 2013, and ends May 18, 2019.James P. Jones: He has served as a U.S. District Court judge for the Western District of Virginia since being nominated for the federal bench by President William J. Clinton in 1995. His term on the FISA court began on May 19, 2015, and ends May 18, 2022.Robert B. Kugler: He has served as a U.S. District Court judge for the District of New Jersey since being nominated for the federal bench by George W. Bush in 2002. His term on the FISA court began May 19, 2017, and ends May 18, 2024.Michael W. Mosman: He has served as a U.S. District Court judge for the District of Oregon since being nominated for the federal bench by President George W. Bush in 2003. His term on the FISA court began May 04, 2013, and ends May 03, 2020.Thomas B. Russell: He has served as a U.S. District Court judge for the Western District of Kentucky since being nominated for the federal bench by Clinton in 1994. His term on the FISA court began May 19, 2015, and ends May 18, 2022. John Joseph Tharp Jr.: He has served as a U.S. District Court judge for the Northern District of Illinois since being appointed by Obama in 2011. His term on the FISA court began May 19, 2018, and ends May 18, 2025. Key Takeaways: The FISA Court FISA stands for the  Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. The act was established during the Cold War.The 11 members of the FISA court decide whether the U.S. government can spy on foreign powers or individuals believed to be foreign agents.The FISA court is not supposed to allow the U.S. to spy on Americans or others living in the county, even though the governments powers have expanded under the act.

Math Lesson PLan (Measuring Angles) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Math Lesson PLan (Measuring Angles) - Essay Example Students with autism perform better in a predictable environment (Ernsperger, 2002). Special signals will be developed which the student can use to draw attention of the teacher if he needs help. These instructions will not disturb the class and will also shield the child from undue attention (Mcminn, 2006). Frequent feedback is essential in order to ensure proper learning. To facilitate this, the student will be questioned repeatedly and his understanding will be tested to ensure he remains on the right track. As frequent questioning in the classroom can be disruptive, special session will be given to the student. Once the students draw two lines intersecting with each other, they will be taught that the point at which they intersect is called as the vertex and angles are formed when two lines meet at the vertex. Students will now be encouraged to give examples where angles are important. They will be asked to give examples from everyday lives. Ask each student to give one example of an angle. This will ensure that students understand what angles mean and what their importance is. The teacher will then distribute an angle worksheet to all the students. This worksheet will include the following – definition of angles, how angles are measured, and 3 categories of angles: acute angle, obtuse angle, and right angle and their definitions. The worksheet to be distributed in shown in appendix A. Special worksheet will be distributed for the student with visual impairment which is readable for him. The worksheet will also serve as class notes which can be given to student suffering from SLI, ESL and hearing impairments. The teacher will then draw the three types of angles on the whiteboard – acute angle, obtuse angle and right angles and explain each and every point mentioned in the worksheet clearly and precisely. While explaining these points, the teacher will face the students at all

The needs of future generations are being met by current policies of Essay - 1

The needs of future generations are being met by current policies of sustainable development. To what extent do you agree with this statement - Essay Example s individuals have become increasingly aware of fragile environment and the need to promote utility of the individual not met them as well is generated at the same time. As a function of seeking to answer the degree and extent to which current policies is development are assisting future generations the following analysis will consider three case study involving pollution, global warming, precise as a function of seeking to answer this broader overarching question. It is the further hope of this particular author that such a level of discussion and analysis will be beneficial with regards to representing the reality in which the current world exists is further utility and sustainability of the plan as well as the individuals that call it home currently those that will one day live upon. Further, even though a global level of understanding relates to this specific topic, a level of analysis will be provided on Singapore; allowing for a more individualized and focused analysis. Firstly, with respect to the issue of recycling, it can be noted that current policies of sustainable development encourage recycling as a means of ensuring that the same level of resources will be available future generations as are currently available. Great progress has been made with respect to encouraging recycling and in some cases incentivizing; actually paying firms and/or individuals to dispose of their waists in a responsible manner so that this process will gain a degree of traction and, reinforce behavior that is exhibited elsewhere throughout society. However, there is a fundamental drawback with respect to the way in which recycling programs are being throughout the developed world. One of the most prominent of these has to do with the fact that recycling programs are not mandatory. Accordingly, those individuals that the recycling is either a hassle or useless towards improving their own lives will not integrated with an continue to dispose of garbage and other waste and an

American Indian Stories Essay -- essays research papers

In her book American Indian Stories, Zitkala-Sa's central role as both an activist and writer surfaces, which uniquely combines autobiography and fiction and represents an attempt to merge cultural critique with aesthetic form, especially surrounding such fundamental matters as religion. In the tradition of sentimental, autobiographical fiction, this work addresses keen issues for American Indians' dilemmas with assimilation. In Parts IV and V of "School Days," for example, she vividly describes a little girl's nightmares of paleface devils and delineates her bitterness when her classmate died with an open Bible on her bed. In this groundbreaking scene, she inverts the allegation of Indian religion as superstition by labeling Christianity. Also, the book as a whole reflects her empowerment, but also speaks eloquently in a conquering culture's language of what it is to have no power over your destiny or selfhood. Her integration of several competing selves led her to write this, in "The Great Spirit": "The racial lines, which once were bitterly real, now serve nothing more than marking out a living mosaic of human beings." In "The Great Spirit" she demonstrates her rhetorical savvy in embedding palatably her critique of oppressive hierarchy. She evokes this theme again in "Sun Dance Opera," which she composed later in life. Here and elsewhere, she illustrates that the...

Bias & Rhetorical Devices

What are some examples of bias, fallacies, and specific rhetorical devices in the speech? The very beginning of the speech begins with a campaigner who is introducing their new candidate for Governor and who expresses negative bias towards the current Governor, Jim Gettys. It begins by describing the current governing as an â€Å"evil domination†. That same campaigner then expresses equal bias but in a positive way, towards Charles Foster Kane, by saying he is the only one who can rid the state of its current politics. The campaigner calls him a fighting liberal and friend of the working man but gives no examples of why he feels that way. The speech is full of rhetorical devices, using analytical definitions to create emotion in the listeners. Charles Foster Kane points out that his only purpose is to â€Å"point out and make public, the dishonesty and downright villainy of Jim Getty’s political machine†. He is using hyperbole in this statement in order to exaggerate his viewpoint. Also you can read Rhetorical Devices in Night Walker by Brent Staples He states that â€Å"this machine is in complete control of the government of the State† causing the people to react since this is the very situation our founding fathers hoped to avoid when creating the United States Constitution. Kane is also aligning himself with those he knows will be more likely to vote within his party lines such as the working man, slum child, underpaid, underprivileged and underfed. He realizes that by exaggerating the power contained by Jim Gettys and his Administration, he will rally the folks not usually interested into voting for him, by telling them they deserve so much more. He uses the argument from outrage to express how diabolical the existing government is in order to persuade the people that definitive change is needed. Various fallacies are prominent throughout the speech. One of the fallacies is the determination that Kane will be voted Governor based on the polls. However, since the election has not even begun, it is impossible for him to draw this conclusion. Also, we see the group think fallacy where Kane describes himself as the friend of the lower classes, making believe he is one of them. Argument by popularity is used when Kane assumes that the polls indicate his obvious triumph in the upcoming election and reflect him as the winner and most popular choice for voters. He is also using scare tactics when stating that the current Government has complete control over the state, and that they are a dictatorship. In all of the above cases, no information is given to support the claims being made. How did the speaker address arguments and counter arguments? The speaker’s arguments are unclear since he did not use common premise and conclusion statements. There are no comparisons between what Kane feels has already been done versus what he intends to do. However, he is making the claim that he will be elected as Governor based on the poll information. He also makes the biased claims against the Administration of Jim Gettys and the control it has over the State Government at that time. His argument leads to the unspoken conclusion that the existing government does not care for the ordinary people and that he intends to change the focus of the government to care for the decent, the underpaid, underfed, underprivileged, working men and slum children. Therefore, Kane would be the better choice as the Governor for the people of that State. I do not see any evidence of counter arguments since at no point does he state another person’s claim and argue against that. Were the speaker’s arguments effective? Explain your answer. The speaker’s arguments were effective in invoking an emotional response from the listeners and persuade them that they should not vote for the existing Governor. His use of political rhetoric and fallacies were effective in creating doubt about the honesty of Gettys and his Administration. Kane wanted to expose the existing government as corrupt, uncaring and in complete control of all of their lives. He succeeded at this by using statements to invoke anger which is usually substituted for reason. There are no conclusive promises made, other than to indict and convict Jim Gettys. Therefore, the people have no idea what policies or promises Kane intends to put into practice. Although the arguments were effective in persuasive techniques, they were not sound. There were no details or facts to support his claims that Kane specifically, would make a better Governor.